Mathematically speaking, a
gluon is the least quantity of
attractive force or smallest unit of
syntropy.
A massless, neutral vector
boson that mediates strong interactions between
quarks, binding them together within hadrons
?.
Considered Fundamental
Characteristics:
- - carrier particles for strong interactions (color force fields of quarks).
- - gauge boson that mediates strong interaction among quarks.
- - has color charge (Strong Force)
- - is a boson
- - integer spin particle
- - do not follow the Pauli exclusion principle.
- - does NOT participate in weak interactions
Boson
An integral spin particle to which Bose-Einstien statistics
? apply. Such particles do not follow the
Pauli exclusion principle.
Photons, pions
?,
alpha particles, and nuclei of even mass numbers are examples of
bosons. (FermiLab)
Gluons are carrier particles for
Strong Force interactions (color force fields of
quarks).
Gluon - a gauge
boson that mediates strong interaction among
quarks.
Gluon
In physics,
gluons are the elementary particles which are responsible for the
strong nuclear force. They bind
quarks together to form
protons and
neutrons as well as other
hadrons; their electric charge is zero, their
spin is 1 and they are generally assumed to have zero
mass.
Gluons are ultimately responsible for the stability of atomic nuclei.
In
quantum chromodynamics (QCD), today's accepted theory for the description of the
strong nuclear force,
gluons are exchanged when particles with a
color charge interact. When two
quarks exchange a
gluon, their
color charges change; the
gluon carries an anti-color charge to compensate for the
quark's old
color charge, as well as the
quark's new
color charge. Since
gluons thus carry a
color charge themselves, they can also interact with other
gluons, which makes the mathematical analysis of the strong nuclear force quite complicated and difficult. Even though there are theoretically nine unique color combinations for
gluons (r-ar, r-ag, r-ab, g-ar, g-ag, g-ab, b-ar, b-ag, and b-ab), due to the subtleties of SU(3) symmetry there are only eight different
gluons.
The first experimental traces of
gluons were found in the early 1980s at the electron-positron-collider PETRA at the DESY in Hamburg, when evidence for a clear three-jet structure was found; the third jet was attributed to one of the produced
quarks emitting a
gluon.
Strong Interaction Force
It turns out that some particles (
quarks and
gluons) have a type of
charge that isn't electromagnetic; rather, it is called
color charge. The force between color-charged particles is very strong, earning it the name
Strong Force. Because this force holds
quarks together to form
hadrons, its carrier particles are whimsically called
gluons because they so successfully "glue" the
quarks together.
It is important to note that only
quarks and
gluons have
color charge.
Hadrons (such as
protons and
neutrons) are color neutral, as are
leptons. For this reason, the strong force only acts on the really small level of
quark interactions.
Color Charge
Quarks and
gluons are color-charged particles. Just as electrically-charged particles interact by exchanging
photons, color-charged particles exchange
gluons in strong interactions. In so doing, these color-charged particles are often "glued" together.
The main difference between strong and electromagnetic interactions is the fact that the strong force-carrier particles (the
gluons) themselves carry
color charge.
Photons, on the other hand, have no
color charge.
Two or more
quarks close to each other rapidly exchange
gluons, creating a very strong "color force field" binding the
quarks together. There are three color charges, and three corresponding anti-color (complementary color) charges.
Quarks constantly change their
color charge as they exchange
gluons with other
quarks.
Each
quark has one of the three color charges; and each anti-quark has one of the three complementary color charges.
Gluons carry color/anti-color pairs (they don't necessary have to be the same color; i.e.. red / anti-blue
gluons are legal). While there are 9 possible combinations of color/anti-color pairs, due to symmetry considerations one of these combinations is eliminated. A
gluon can effectively carry one of eight possible color/anti-color combinations.
Quarks carry color__
Anti-quarks carry anti-color.
Gluons carry color and anti-color.
(
From the above three lines we can presume the quark is the syntropic third, the anti-quark is the entropic third while the gluon is the neutral third - as per Keely's concept of thirds.)
Quark Confinement
Color-charged particles cannot be found individually. For this reason, the color-charge
quarks are confined in groups (hadrons) with other
quarks. These composites are color neutral.
Not until the development of the Standard Model's theory of the strong interactions could physicists explain why the
quarks combine only into
baryons (three quark objects), and mesons
? (quark-antiquark objects), but not, for example, four
quark objects. Now we understand that only those combinations are color neutral. Particles such as
ud or
dd that cannot be combined into color-neutral states are never observed experimentally.
How does color charge work?
Color charge is always conserved. Therefore, when a
quark emits or absorbs a
gluon, that
quark's color must change in order to conserve
color charge. For example, suppose a "red"
quark changes into a "blue"
quark and emits a "red/anti-blue"
gluon. The net color is still "red."
Quarks emit and absorb
gluons very frequently within a
hadron, so there is no way to observe the color of an individual
quark. Within a
hadron, though, the color of the two
quarks exchanging a
gluon will change in a way that keeps the bound system in a color-neutral state, so it will stay observable.
Color-Force Field
The
quarks in a given
hadron madly exchange
gluons. For this reason, physicists talk about the color-force field which consists of the
gluons holding the bunch of
quarks together.
If one of the
quarks in a given
hadron is pulled away from its neighbors, the color-force field "stretches" between that
quark and its neighbors. In so doing, more and more energy is added to the color-force field as the
quarks are pulled apart. At some point, it is energetically cheaper for the color-force field to "snap" into two new
quarks. In so doing,
energy is conserved because the
energy of the color-force field is converted into the
mass of the new
quarks, and the color-force field can "relax" back to an unstretched state.
Quarks cannot exist individually because they must maintain a color-force field with other
quarks. (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.)
See Also
7B.18 - Sympathetic Negative Attraction
8.12 - Law of Attraction
9.4 - Law of Attraction
14.12 - Sympathetic Attraction
Affinity
Attraction
Attractive Force
Bjerknes Effect
Cohesion
Etheric Elements
Harmony
Law of Assimilation
Law of Attraction
Law of Attraction and Repulsion
Love
Mind Force is a pre-existing Natural Force
Negative Attraction
polar negative attraction
Sympathetic Association
Sympathetic Oscillation
Sympathetic Vibration
Syntropy