Chronology

Who did what, when and the environment of the times.

---

1673

• Huygens? builds a motor driven by gunpowder? explosions (dissociation) (1)

1690

• Papin? uses steam to move a piston (1)

1712

• Newcomen? develops a steam engine (1)

1715

• Gregory? first writes of Bode's Law

1723

• Stahl? popularizes phlogiston? and Becher?'s concepts (1)

1724

• Boerhaave? proposes that heat is a fluid (1)

1733

• Bernoulli? publishes a text that is the first truly statistical treatment of kinetic theory and publishes an update in 1738. It is almost forgotten until 1859. (1)

1750

• Franklin?'s Lightning Kite experiment

1765

• Watts? invents a steam engine that is more than six times more effective than Newcomen?'s engine. (1)

1772

• Bode? completes Bode's Law

1783

• Lavoisier? points out the weakness of phlogiston? theory with respect to combustion. (1)

1786

• Lavoisier? and Laplace? provide a Memoir on Heat. (1)

1789

• Lavoisier? publishes his Elementary Treatise on Chemistry, which represents the law of conservation of mass?. (1)

1791

• Faraday?, Michael born September 22, 1791
• Prevost? publishes a theory of heat and radiation exchange. Richter? founds stoichiometry?. (1)

1798

• Thompson? demonstrates the conversion of work? into heat, in his Enquiry Concerning the Source of Heat which is Excited by Friction. (1)

1799

• Davy?'s experiments seriously challenge phlogiston? theory. (1)

1800

• Herschel? explores the heating ability of different frequencies of light. (1)

1802

• Phineas P. Quimby born February 16, 1802
• Lussac? establishes the thermal expansion of gases. (1)

1803

• Dalton? forms his atomic theory of matter, setting the stage for atomic chemistry. (1)

1804

• System of Chemistry, Vol. III published
• Leslie? shows that light and radiated heat have similar properties. (1)

1806

• Young? formulates a precursor to the modern kinetic theory?. (1)
• Isambard Kingdom Brunel, born 9 April 1806

1809

• Telegraph 1809

1811

• Poisson? develops a mathematical theory of heat, based on Fourier?'s work. Avogadro? presents his law. Berzelius? states that electrical and chemical forces are the same and that atoms are electrically charged. (1)

1812

• War of 1812 begins June 18, 1812

1815

• War of 1812 ends March 23, 1815
• Proton theorized William Prout? 1815 see 1919

1818

• System of Chemistry, Vol. I published

1819

• Dulong? and Petit? show an empirical law on the specific heat? of solids. (1)

1820

• Tyndall?, John born August 2, 1820

1824

• Clara Bloomfield-Moore born February 16, 1824
• Carnot Cycle defined 1824
• Carnot? studies the thermal efficiency of machines, introduces reversible transformations, and generates the foundations of thermodynamics in his "Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire." (1)

1826

• Thomas Jefferson dies July 4, 1826

1827

• Keely born September 3, 1827 see 1837

1829

• Coriolis? defines "kinetic energy." (1)

1834

• Clapeyron's relation? defined 1834
• Clapeyron? presents the first version of the second law of thermodynamics, based on steam engine studies. (1)

1835

• Spectrum Analysis? 1835, Charles Wheatstone?

1837

• Keely born September 3, 1837 see 1827
• Von Suerman? experimentally verifies Clapeyron?'s version of the Carnot?'s equations. (1)

1842

• Dewar?, James born September 20, 1842
• Mayer? equates the conservation of energy law? and shows the equivalence between heat and mechanical energy. (1)

1843

• Waterston? anonymously publishes an accurate kinetic theory of gases?. It is essentially ignored. (1)

1845

• Waterston? submits a beautiful paper on the kinetic theory of gases? to the Royal Society?. It is rejected and ignored for more than 40 years, until finally resurrected by the President of the Royal Society?. (1)

1847

• Mormon Migration begins April 1847
• Helmholtz? generalizes the conservation of energy law? for mechanical, caloric, electric and magnetic energy. (1)

1848

• California Gold Rush? 1848
• Lord Kelvin? introduces the absolute temperature scale?. Joule? finishes establishing the exact relation between heat and mechanical work; his work is almost ignored. (1)

1850

• Clausius? states the second law of thermodynamics. (1)

1851

• John Gorrie? patents refrigeration system
• Thomson? derives the second law of thermodynamics based on Carnot?'s work. (1)

1855

• Rankine? publishes Outlines of the Science of Energetics. (1)

1856

• Nikola Tesla born July 10, 1856 in Smiljan, Croatia

1857

• Hertz?, Heinrich born February 22, 1857
• Clausius? establishes heat as energy distributed among particles. (1)

1858

• Formation of Rotating (Vortex) Rings of Air & Liquids published
• Clausius? introduces the idea of the mean free path? of a colliding particle. (1)

1859

• Kirchhoff? establishes the thermodynamic foundation of radiation theory, and completes the basic radiation theory in 1862. (1)
• Isambard Kingdom Brunel dies 15 September 1859

1860

• James Clerk Maxwell provides studies in kinetic theory of gases? and gives the distribution of molecular velocities. The paper, "Illustrations of the Dynamical Theory of Gases," was read in 1859. (1)
• James Clerk Maxwell shows a discrepancy between experiment and the kinetic theory of diatomic gases?. It was not resolved until the early stages of quantum theory?. (1)

1860-1877

• Boltzmann? and Gibbs? provide the foundations of statistical classical mechanics. (1)

1861

• Quimby writes The Complete Writings, 1861
• American Civil War begins 1861
• James Clerk Maxwell publishes paper "On Physical Lines of Force" 1861
• Kirchhoff? advances the notion of the blackbody?. (1)

1863

• Henry Ford? born July 30, 1863

1864

• American Civil War ends 1864
• Richter's Treatise on Harmony published

1865

• James Clerk Maxwell publishes paper "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field" 1865
• Maxwell's Equations set of eight equations published 1865
• Clausius?, Rankine? and Kelvin? provide the concept and definition of entropy. (1)

1866

• Phineas P. Quimby dies January 16, 1866
• On The Undulatory Theory of Optics published

1867

• Faraday?, Michael dies August 25, 1867
• James Clerk Maxwell publishes On the Dynamical Theory of Gases, his major work on the kinetic theory?. (1)

1869

• Transcontinental Railroad completed May 10, 1869
• Mormon Migration ends with Transcontinental Railroad completion
• An Essay Upon Force in Nature and its Effect Upon Matter published
• Crookes tube? 1869-1875

1870

• The Elements of Natural Philosophy - chapter 5 Undulations, 6 Acoustics, chapter 7 Musical Sounds (1870?) published

1871

• Walter Russell born May 19, 1871

1872

• Keely discovers "polar negative attraction" (1872) See Veil Withdrawn
• Keely imprisons the Ether 1872
• Keely Motor Company founded, see 1874

1873

• James Clerk Maxwell publishes "A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism" 1873

1873-1878

• Gibbs? publishes several important papers on thermodynamics, widely influencing scientists. (1)

1874

• Keely Motor Company founded, see 1872, Introductory
• Thomson? points out the reversibility paradox?. (1)

1875

• Notes of a Course of Nine Lectures on Light published
• The Keely Motor - What is Claimed for it June 11, 1875
• The Keely Motor June 29, 1875
• The Keely Motor - Feats of Which it is Capable July 3, 1875
• The New Motor July 14, 1875
• The Keely Motor - It is not a New Discovery July 14, 1875
• A Rival to the Keely Motor July 28, 1875

1876

• Alexander Graham Bell? invents telephone 1876
• Practical Notes on the use of Galvanism and Faradism in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Disease published

1877

• Agreement of Science and Religion published
• Edgar Cayce born March 18, 1877
• Boltzmann? defines entropy in terms of probabilities. (1)

1878

• Edison? files patent on incandescent light bulb October 14, 1878
• Stone's Scientific Basis of Music published

1879

• Boltzmann? establishes the relation between radiation intensity per unit area of a blackbody?, and the absolute temperature?. Stephan? formulates the "Stephan-Boltzmann law?". (1)

1879-1899

• Discoveries of various laws and effects, particularly at the micro level. (1)

1880

• Prophetic Numbers of Daniel and the Revelation; Times and Events; Great Pyramid of Egypt; Planetary Perihelia published
• Keely Confident of Success March 25, 1880
• Expressing Confidence in Keelys Motor December 9, 1880

1881

• Doom of Steam or the Coming Force Exposition of the Keely Motor published
• The Secret Out April 25, 1881
• Keelys Secret December 16, 1881
• The Secret Revealed December 16, 1881

1882

• Elementary Treatise on Natural Philosophy - Sound and Light published
• Keely Wishes to Keep His Secret January 21, 1882
• Seeking Keelys Secret March 28, 1882
• Keely to Divulge His Secret April 2, 1882
• Keelys Alleged Motor May, 25, 1882
• One Man to Know Keelys Secret June 8, 1882
• Boekel Selected December 8, 1882
• A Trustful Stockholder June, 11, 1882

1883

• Harmonies of Tones and Colors - Developed by Evolution published
• The Keely Motor Completed August 29, 1883
• Mr. Keelys Performances August 30, 1883
• Disgusted Keely Motor Men October 30, 1883
• Keely Explains Again October 31, 1883

1884

• The Keely Motor2 March 18, 1884
• Keely Not Yet Ready March 26, 1884
• Keelys Vaporic Force September 21, 1884
• Keelys Etheric Vapor September 22, 1884
• Keely States November 1, 1884
• Letter from Keely to Bloomfield-Moore November 1, 1884
• The Times Retort November 18, 1884
• Lieut. Zalinski and Mr. Keely November 18, 1884
• Keely Not Dead Yet November 25, 1884
• Keely Bearded in His Den December 16, 1884
• Exposing Keelys Secret December 29, 1884
• Where Keely Got His Idea December 30, 1884

1885

• Unseen Universe or Physical Speculations on a Future State published
• Sound and its Phenomena published
• Letter from Keely to Bloomfield-Moore6 March 22, 1885
• Letter from Keely to Bloomfield-Moore7 May 25, 1885
• Letter from Keely to Bloomfield-Moore5 June 1, 1885
• Keelys Red Letter Day June 7, 1885
• Keely Doubted June 8, 1885
• The Keely Motor Humbug June 8, 1885
• Letter from Keely to Bloomfield-Moore4 July 15, 1885
• Letter from Charles Collier to Ricarde-Seaver August 1, 1885
• Letter from Keely to Bloomfield-Moore2 August 5, 1885
• New York Home Journal August 5, 1885
• The Keely Motor Again November 27,1875
• Letter from Keely to Bloomfield-Moore3 December 17, 1885

1886

• The Keely Motor (1886)
• Mr. Keelys Etheric Force (1886) published
• Electricity in the Treatment of Disease. A Practical Guide to its Application; What it is & What it will Accomplish published
• Keely Still Promising Wonders March 26, 1886
• Motor Keely Gets Angry May 23, 1886
• What Has Keely Discovered May 25, 1886
• Keely Spinning Motor July 26, 1886
• Let Us Have Some Actual Useful Work July 28,1886

1887

• The Keely Motor Secret (1887)
• Mr. Keely's Etheric Force (1887)
• A New Keely Motor Raid October 23, 1887
• James E. Keeley's Luck November 15, 1887
• Keelys Aerial Navigation December 1, 1887
• Keely Cool Confession December 15, 1887
• Keelys Change of Base December 15, 1887
• Nikola Tesla introduces AC system December, 1887
• Michelson-Morley experiment? 1887

1888

• Keelys Secrets - Etheric Force Identified as Dynaspheric Force - One Phase of Keelys Discovery in its Relation to the Cure of Disease 1888 published
• The Coming Force, Blavatsky 1888 published (The Secret Doctrine)
• The Motor Gets Into Court January 4, 1888
• Keely to Divulge the Secret March 18, 1888
• The Keely Motor Experts April 8, 1888
• Law Suit June 11, 1888
• Keelys Latest Move August 24, 1888
• Everybody For Keely September 9, 1888
• Motor Men Disgusted September 12, 1888
• The Keely Motor Fight September 13, 1888
• Keely to Be Sued September 19, 1888
• Keely Not Yet In Jail September 19,1888
• Experiments Described on His New Sympathetic Attraction September 25, 1888
• Keely and his Motor November 4, 1888
• Keely in Contempt of Court November 11, 1888
• Keely in Contempt of Court2 November 12, 1888
• Mr. Keelys Contempt November 16, 1888
• Inventor Keely in Jail November 18, 1888
• Keelys Sunday in Jail November 19,1888
• Keely Out On Bail November 21, 1888
• The Keely Motor Craze November 30, 1888

1889

• Letter of Instruction to my Grandson, Clarence von Rosen (1889)
• Leidy and Wilcox Visit Keelys Lab May 28, 1889

1890

• Robert Browning? 1890
• The Ether and Its Functions 1890?
• The Keely Motor Bubble 1890
• True Science 1890
• Keely's Contribution to Science 1890 published
• A Modern Wizard - The Keely Motor And Its Inventor 1890
• Principia - or the Three Octaves of Creation published
• History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science published
• Are Physical and Spiritual Energy Identical? published
• Amen, The Key of the Universe published
• Letter from Bloomfield-Moore to Leidy January 17, 1890
• A Newly Discovered Law of Physics Scientific Arena?; April, 1890
• Letter from Bloomfield-Moore to Dickson May 16, 1890
• Rid of Keely at Last December 18, 1890
• On Dynaspheric Force published

1891

• Henry Ford? became an engineer with the Edison Illuminating Company 1891
• More Science 1891
• Newton of the Mind - The Propeller of Keely's Airship Described (1891)
• Latent Force and Theory of Vibratory Lift for Airships (1891)
• Keely's Present Position 1891
• "Latent Force." Lippincott's, 1891, pg. 639-644.
• Visible Sound (1891) published
• Essentials of Medical Electricity published
• Tesla Coil 1891

1892

• Keely's Present Position (1892) published
• Physical Discoveries of John Keely (1892)
• Theosophical Glossary published

1893

• Scientific Creation 1893
• Tesla demonstrates his wireless system Philadelphia 1893
• Ether, the True Protoplasm (1893)
• Keely and His Discoveries (1893) published
• The Veil Withdrawn (1893?)
• What Electricity Is (1893?)
• Electron "discovered"
• Laws of Being (1893?)
• Letter from Kegan Paul to Bloomfield-Moore July 31, 1893
• Diesel? runs first diesel motor August 10, 1893
• Tyndall?, John dies 4 December 1893

1894

• Aerial Navigation: Keely and His Energy (1894)
• What is Science? (October, 1894)
• A Confession of Faith (1894) published
• "Aerial Navigation". The Arena, August 1894, pg. 386-395.
• Dashed Against the Rock (1894) published
• Propositions of Astronomical Circles (1894)
• Hertz?, Heinrich dies January 1, 1894

1895

• Some Truths about the Keely Motor
• The New Philosophy.
• Newton of the Mind - The Propellor of Keely's Airship Described
• "The Propeller Described," New Science Review, Vol. 1, 1895, pg. 46
• The Tesla Oscillator published (1895)
• What Electricity Is January, 1895
• The Dynamics of Mind Henry Wood?, ARENA, #LXIII February, 1895
• A Challenge to Keely June 14, 1895
• Keely Motor and the Dogmatism of Science July, 1895
• Niagara Falls Power Plant goes online August 25, 1895
• Letter from Bloomfield-Moore to Cornelia September, 1895
• Apergy - Power Without Cost October, 1895, Keely develops energy from space or vacuum, see also Letter from Bloomfield-Moore to Cornelia
• The Action of Force is Spiro-Vortex October, 1895
• Keelys Motor November 8, 1895
• Mrs. Moore on the Keely Motor November 8, 1895
• First medical x-ray? December 22, 1895

1896

• An Old Miracle - New Science? (1896)
• Some Truths about John Keely (1896)
• Will He Become a Medium January 19, 1896
• Affairs of the Keely Motor Company April 29, 1896
• Is Keely the New Mahatma? April 29, 1896
• Is it the Vibratory Keely? May 5, 1896
• Henry Ford? makes first self-propelled vehicle June 4, 1896
• Edison? patents "fluorescent lamp" 1896

1897

• Electron theorized J. J. Thompson? 1897
• A Keely Motor Tested June 20, 1897
• Yerkes Observatory telescope 1897

1898

• On the Reduction to Normal Air Temperatures of the Platinum Temperatures in the Low-Temperature Researches of Professors Dewar and Fleming published
• Keely dies November 18, 1898
• Keely The Inventor Dead November 18,1898
• Keely Obituary November 26, 1898
• Inventor Keelys Will Filed December 21, 1898
• The Keely Motor Company December 21, 1898
• Kinraide Will Work on Keelys Motor December 26, 1898
• Obituary 1898

1899

• Keelys Motor in Boston January 4, 1899
• Keelys Personal Estate January 5, 1899
• Mrs. Bloomfield-Moore Dead January 6, 1899
• Keely Sphere Was No Secret January 8, 1899
• Keelys Secret Disclosed January 20,1899
• Post Obituary January 20, 1899
• The Psychology of Keely January 20, 1899
• Denies Keely was an Impostor January 26, 1899
• Psycho-Therapy or Hypnotic Suggestion in the cure of Disease, Vices and Abnormal Physical Development published
• Clara Bloomfield-Moore dies April 1899
• Nikola Tesla visits Colorado Springs

1900

• Planck? proposes the quantum of action? and derives the correct radiation spectrum for blackbodies?. (He published the definitive paper in 1911.) (1)

1902

• The History and Power of Mind published

1903

• Wright Brothers tests flights December 17, 1903

1904

• Lao Russell? born November 1904
• Abeggs Rule formulated by Richard Abegg, 1904

1905

• Einstein?'s General Theory of Relativity
• Von Smoluchowski? and Einstein? independently investigate Brownian motion?. Einstein? publishes paper on the photoelectric eeffect?. (1)

1906

• Nernst? advances his heat theorem, where at absolute zero temperature? both heat capacity and entropy change go to zero. This later recognized as the "third law of thermodynamics". (1)

1908

• Henry Ford?'s "Model T" first production August 12, 1908

1909

• Tone Building published
• Einstein? corrects Planck?'s blackbody? derivation. (1)

1910

• Perrin? experimentally validates Einstein?'s calculations on Brownian motion?, providing a strong argument for the existence of atoms. (1)

1911

• Atomic Nucleus discovered Rutherford? 1911
• Rutherford? proposes the nuclear model of the atom. Sackur points out the need for an absolute definition of entropy. Nernst?'s experiments provide strong support for the new quantum theories?. (1)

1912

• Continental Drift Theory Wegener, 1912

1919

• Proton discovered Rutherford? 1819 see 1815

1923

• Dewar?, James dies March 27, 1923

1925

• Born?, Heisenberg? and Jordan? formulate quantum mechanics? from matrix algebra?. Einstein? points out that the analogy between quantum gases? and molecular gases? is complete; photons and molecules have both wave and particle characteristics. (1)

1926

• Walter Russell publishes The Universal One published

1927

• Henry Ford?'s "Model A" first production October 20, 1927

1932

• Power Fight Congressional Report on how scientific education was being destroyed and by whom

1935

• Nikola Tesla's Earthquake Machine with Tesla's original patents Nikola Tesla causes earthquake

1939

• Manhattan Project begins 1939

1942

• Bell Helicopter "Bell 30" first flight December 29, 1942

1943

• Nikola Nikola Tesla dies January 7, 1943

1945

• Radiant Energy - For Beyond the Light Rays Lies the Secret of the Universe - The Evolution and Transformation of the Atom published
• Edgar Cayce? dies January 3, 1945

1947

• Bell Helicopter "Bell 47"

1963

• Walter Russell dies May 19, 1963

1988

• Lao Russell? dies May 5, 1988

(1) Bearden, Thomas; Energy from the Vacuum - Concepts and Principles; 2002.

---